Correct species identification is crucial to help manage insect pests in maize this season, urge experts.
In most cases, the predominant species being found are silver-y and beet armyworm, notes agronomist and technical support adviser, Amie Hunter. “However, with the concerns over European corn borer, and the notifiable pest fall armyworm, correct identification is important.”
These caterpillar species can sometimes look very similar, and colour alone can’t be relied upon as an indicator of species, so she urges growers to refer to the latest identification criteria issued by the Maize Growers Association (MGA) to help make accurate decisions.
Leg configurations
“The key is to check the leg configuration, particularly the fleshy prolegs towards the rear. Silver-y is a looper moth and has a different leg configuration to most caterpillars, with three pairs of front true legs, and only two pairs of abdominal prolegs, plus an anal pair,” explains Amie.
In contrast, other caterpillars such as the European corn borer, fall armyworm, beet armyworm or cutworm have four pairs of abdominal prolegs, as well as three pairs of front true legs and an anal pair.
As a notifiable pest, any suspected sightings of fall armyworm should be reported immediately to the relevant plant health authority; via planthealthportal.defra.gov.uk/
“Whether to treat or not, and what with, depends largely on which species are present and the level of infestation,” raises Amie. “We only have cypermethrin and chlorantraniliprole approved for use in maize.”
Cutworm pressure
Another issue to be aware of given the exceptionally hot and dry conditions seen through much of the spring and summer so far, is cutworm, notes Hutchinsons’ Duncan Connabeer.
Cutworms thrive in warm, dry conditions, especially on light, sandy soils, with larvae feeding on underground roots or tubers in search of moisture. At night, they can also emerge from the ground to chew through plant stems at ground level.
“Cutworms are the larvae of the turnip moth and can affect a wide range of crops, notably unirrigated potatoes, brassicas, beet, and even maize,” explains Duncan.
“Symptoms in maize are often characterised by the plant base being chewed off like a saw, leading to the felling of plants up to 4-5 feet high. The damage in maize is mainly being done by the more mature subterranean larval instars [a developmental stage of the insect], which are immune to rain and come up and feed at night. As such, there’s nothing effective we can use to control them.”
However, substantial rainfall (defined as 10mm or more of moderate intensity during a 24-hour period) can cause high mortality among young larvae feeding above ground, he adds.
In root crops, cutworm damage can reduce yield and lead to a loss of saleable material, so growers and agronomists are urged to check any at-risk crops carefully, particularly where irrigation hasn’t been applied.
